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As urban land resources become increasingly limited, underground spaces are widely used for underground parking garages, metro systems, commercial facilities, storage areas, and various underground engineering projects. Compared with above-ground buildings, underground spaces are generally more enclosed and have limited natural ventilation, which can lead to poor air circulation. Without an effective environmental control system, problems such as poor air quality, excessive humidity, unpleasant odors, and insufficient ventilation may occur. Therefore, developing a comprehensive underground space environmental control solution is important for improving indoor conditions and supporting the long-term operation of underground facilities.
Underground spaces are restricted by building structures and surrounding soil, so natural air exchange is usually limited. In large underground parking garages, underground commercial areas, and long underground passages, insufficient mechanical ventilation can easily result in poor air circulation.
By installing supply fans, exhaust fans, and air circulation equipment, a more effective airflow pattern can be created. Polluted indoor air can be removed while fresh outdoor air is introduced.
Changes in Temperature and Humidity
Underground spaces tend to have relatively stable temperatures, but humidity can be affected by groundwater, building leakage, seasonal changes, and human activity. Long-term high humidity can affect occupant comfort and may also cause moisture damage or corrosion to walls, metal equipment, and ventilation components.
Therefore, environmental control should address not only air exchange but also dehumidification, moisture removal, and temperature and humidity monitoring.
Main Components of an Underground Space Environmental Control System
Mechanical ventilation is one of the foundations of underground environmental control. Axial fans, centrifugal fans, roof fans, and other equipment can be used to actively move air through underground spaces.
Depending on the floor area, ceiling height, and function of the underground space, the system can use mechanical air supply, mechanical exhaust, or a combination of both. For large underground facilities, zoned ventilation can also be used to reduce areas with insufficient airflow.
Air Purification and Filtration
Pollutants in underground spaces can come from various sources, including vehicle exhaust, dust, human activity, and equipment operation. Appropriate filtration and air purification equipment can be selected according to the specific types of pollutants.
In areas with higher air quality requirements, air filtration, ventilation, and online monitoring can be integrated to provide more precise environmental control.
Temperature and Humidity Control
For underground areas with high humidity, dehumidifiers, moisture removal systems, and air conditioning or air treatment equipment can be installed according to actual requirements.
Temperature and humidity sensors can continuously monitor environmental conditions, allowing the control system to adjust equipment operation when necessary.
Environmental Control Priorities for Different Underground Spaces
Different underground spaces have different functions and operating conditions, so environmental control systems should be designed accordingly.
| Underground Space Type | Main Environmental Issues | Recommended Control Method | Key Design Considerations |
|---|---|---|---|
| Underground Parking Garage | Vehicle exhaust, particulate matter, heat | Mechanical supply/exhaust + air monitoring | Air exchange efficiency |
| Metro Space | Dust, heat, high passenger density | Ventilation + air purification | Air quality and safety |
| Underground Commercial Space | Odors, human activity, temperature and humidity | Fresh air + mechanical ventilation | Occupant comfort |
| Underground Storage Area | Humidity, odors, insufficient air circulation | Ventilation + dehumidification | Moisture control and equipment protection |
| Underground Construction Area | Dust, heat, polluted air | Mechanical ventilation + flexible ducts | Flexible air supply and exhaust |
How to Design an Underground Space Environmental Control Solution
The height, floor area, column layout, and internal equipment arrangement of an underground space can all affect airflow. During system design, supply and exhaust outlets should be positioned according to the actual building structure to ensure adequate airflow coverage in key areas.
For large underground facilities, the space can be divided into multiple ventilation zones. Each zone can then be controlled according to its specific environmental requirements, improving overall air exchange efficiency.
Select Control Methods According to Pollution Sources
Different underground spaces have different primary environmental concerns. Underground parking garages mainly need to control vehicle exhaust, underground construction areas may focus on dust and heat, while underground storage areas may require greater attention to humidity and odors.
A combination of pollution source analysis + local exhaust + general ventilation can provide more effective control. Pollutants can first be captured near their source, followed by general air exchange to improve the overall underground environment.
Application of PVC Flexible Ventilation Ducts in Underground Projects
During underground construction and renovation projects, ventilation routes often need to be adjusted according to changing site conditions. Traditional rigid ducts may require more installation time, while flexible ventilation ducts offer advantages such as low weight, flexible layout, and convenient installation.
PVC-coated fabric can be used to manufacture flexible ventilation ducts in different diameters, lengths, and connection configurations according to project requirements. In underground construction, tunnel construction, equipment maintenance, and temporary ventilation projects, flexible ducts can be used to deliver fresh air and remove polluted air.
When selecting flexible ventilation ducts, factors such as airflow, air pressure, operating temperature, abrasion resistance, and site installation conditions should be considered to ensure that the ducts meet actual ventilation requirements.
Improving Underground Environmental Control Efficiency with Intelligent Monitoring
Modern underground environmental control systems can be equipped with temperature, humidity, CO₂, PM2.5, CO, and other sensors to monitor air conditions in real time.
When environmental conditions change, the control system can adjust the operation of fans, purification equipment, or dehumidification equipment accordingly.
Traditional ventilation equipment often operates continuously according to a fixed schedule. However, the number of occupants and pollutant concentrations in underground spaces can change significantly throughout the day.
By using intelligent control and variable-frequency technology, equipment operating levels can be adjusted according to real-time environmental data.
When air quality is good, fan power can be reduced. When pollutant concentrations or temperature increase, ventilation capacity can be increased. This approach helps maintain environmental quality while reducing unnecessary energy consumption.
Building a Comprehensive Underground Space Environmental Control Solution
A complete underground space environmental control solution should address more than ventilation alone. Air quality, temperature, humidity, pollutant control, energy consumption, and equipment maintenance should all be considered during system design.
By combining mechanical ventilation, air purification, temperature and humidity control, intelligent monitoring, and flexible ventilation ducts, customized environmental control systems can be developed for different underground spaces.
For underground parking garages, metro systems, underground storage facilities, and construction projects, the system should be designed according to the specific space structure and operational requirements. Selecting suitable fans, ventilation ducts, monitoring equipment, and air treatment systems, together with regular maintenance, can improve overall system efficiency and provide reliable support for the safety, comfort, and long-term operation of underground spaces.
