Mine working environments are complex. As mining depth increases and mechanization becomes more advanced, underground areas may face various air-quality challenges, including dust, hazardous gases, high temperatures, high humidity, and blasting fumes. A stable and efficient mine ventilation system i

As urban development continues to expand underground, metro systems, underground utility tunnels, parking garages, commercial spaces, tunnels, and underground construction projects are becoming increasingly common. Compared with above-ground buildings, underground spaces are usually more enclosed, h

With the continued development of urban rail transit, underground utility tunnels, and highway tunnel projects, tunnel boring machine (TBM) construction has become widely used because of its high efficiency and relatively low impact on surface traffic. During long-distance underground excavation, th

As urban land resources become increasingly limited, underground spaces are widely used for underground parking garages, metro systems, commercial facilities, storage areas, and various underground engineering projects. Compared with above-ground buildings, underground spaces are generally more encl

Industrial factories typically have large spaces, high ceilings, dense equipment, and uneven personnel distribution. During production, heat, dust, oil mist, odors, and other airborne pollutants may be generated. If these pollutants are not removed efficiently, they can affect the working environmen

As cities continue to develop vertically and buildings become more compact, underground parking garages have become an essential part of residential communities, commercial complexes, office buildings, and public facilities. Because underground parking areas are relatively enclosed and have limited