With the rapid development of commercial complexes, office buildings, shopping malls, hotels, restaurants, and other commercial facilities, indoor air quality has become an increasingly important consideration in building operation and management. Commercial buildings typically have high occupancy,

With the growing popularity of fitness activities and sporting events, large sports venues, fitness centers, basketball courts, badminton halls, swimming pools, and comprehensive sports centers are being used more frequently. Sports venues typically feature large open spaces, high ceilings, and sign

With the rapid development of modern logistics, e-commerce distribution, and industrial warehousing, large warehouses are increasingly characterized by expansive floor areas, high ceilings, dense storage racks, and frequent movement of workers and vehicles. Without effective ventilation, heat, humid

A data center room is an area where servers, network equipment, storage systems, and communication devices operate continuously. These devices generate significant amounts of heat during operation. If indoor airflow is poorly organized, the room may experience localized overheating, hot and cold air

With the rapid development of cloud computing, artificial intelligence, big data, and edge computing, the power density of server racks continues to increase. Servers, switches, storage devices, and other IT equipment continuously generate heat during operation. If this heat cannot be removed effici

Laboratories support a wide range of activities, including chemical analysis, biological research, material testing, and product development. Different laboratory processes may generate chemical vapors, dust, aerosols, odors, and other airborne contaminants. If ventilation is poorly designed, these